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The human brain does not process information as a traditional digital computer does. 1 The duration of the action potential and the speed of conduction are properties of the axon diameter and whether the axon is myelinated. A typical maximum firing rate is between 100 Hz and 1
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Neurons require some time to reset between firings, which nominally is the duration of the pulse for that axon. Input signals can result in transmission of multiple action potentials, and thus the frequency and number of neuronal firings do vary with the input. When the cell body is stimulated above its threshold level, the axon transmits the same action potential at the same speed and in the same direction, regardless of the extent above the threshold or the duration of the stimulus.Īction potentials have durations of 1-10 msec. The signal transmission down the axon of a neuron is an all-or-nothing process. In a similar fashion, ions flow through channels across the axon’s cell membrane, changing the local membrane potential and thus propagating the electrical signal down the axon. Although the wave travels to the other end of the rope, any part of the rope structure has only moved (nominally) perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. When one end of the rope is moved from side to side quickly with sufficient force. Reproduced by permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center. The signal of principal interest for monitoring the electrical activity of a neuron is the axonal firing (travel of action potential from the body to the axon terminals).
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The nerve terminals end on the dendrites or cell body of other neurons or on other cell types, such as muscle or gland cells” (Alberts et al., 2002, p. The single axon conducts signals away from the cell body, while the multiple dendrites receive signals from the axons of other neurons. “The arrows indicate the direction in which signals are conveyed. The propagation of information is similar to the wave traveling down a length of a ropeįIGURE D-1 A typical vertebrate neuron. This electrical signaling allows information to be transmitted faster than ions could flow down the axon. In these bio-electric networks, ions of sodium, potassium, and chlorine move through the cell membranes perpendicular to the propagation of the action potential down the axon. Details of how the action potentials (the electrical signals) travel through the cell or are transmitted across the synapses can be influenced by changes in biochemistry, which may in turn be influenced by either environmental changes or the presence of external (pharmacologic) substances. Neurons have one axon and from one to tens of thousands of dendrites. Electrical information is transmitted to the neuron through the dendrites, proceeds through the cell body, and leaves the cell through the axon at one or more presynaptic terminals. Neurons consist of four parts: axon, dendrites, cell body or soma, and presynaptic terminals (see Figure D-1). This neural doctrine dominates research in direct monitoring technologies. From the research to date, it is believed that signals within the network of neurons constitute the whole of information processing that results in behavior, while the role of glial cells is to provide physiological support to the neurons. The human nervous system has two classes of cells: neurons and glia. Neural Signals and Measurement Technologies